factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria

Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. The yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. British are not always carriers of high economic freedom (see Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Bangladesh, and Nigeria). ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. A permanent British occupation of Egypt required the inviolability of the Ni Colonialism in Nigeria: positive and negative impacts of Nigerian The British penetration of Nigeria met with various forms of resistance throughout the country. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. Frederick Lugard, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. Empty cart. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. The influence of Christianity and the establishment of schools made the nationalists realize that after all God created everyman equal . penn wood high school alumni; picture of shawn westover; microblading nickel allergy In May of this year, Herbert J. The racial discriminatory tendencies of the Europeans to Nigerians. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. The pace of constitutional change accelerated after the promulgation of the Richards Constitution. Uneasy with the amount of latitude allowed traditional rulers under indirect rule, Clifford opposed further extension of the judicial authority held by the northern emirs. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. African Nationalism | South African History Online However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. 1819 - Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. Order. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 05:21. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. We also understand that the said National African Company (limited) have full power to mine, farm, and build in any portion of our territory. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. For political the British were fixed on expanding their empire and gaining control of every major city, state, or country in the world so they could govern every man or woman as they Show More Summary of course material Economic freedom in Muslim countries an His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than 1,500 kilometres (930mi), passing through the western portions of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. Additionally. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. All the territories were now under British control, and the search for an identity began, first as Northern and Southern Nigeria and then with eventual amalgamation. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. [54] Olivier was a member of the Fabian Society and a friend of George Bernard Shaw. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. What are the Factors which facilitated the rise of Colonialism? There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). Afeadie, Philip Atsu. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. The Reconquista, or reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence and expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the failed Crusades. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. Elections were held for a new and greatly enlarged House of Representatives in December 1959; 174 of the 312 seats were allocated to the Northern Region on the basis of its larger population. But the war had more concrete consequences. The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. These were the Agent-General, the Senior Judicial Officer, and the Commandant of the Constabulary. Nigeria - The arrival of the British | Britannica Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. it was on that faithful day, 1 st January 1914 that the They noticed something odd about the local fishermen and asked to come ashore. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Final Conquest Verse By Verse Study of The Book Revelation DVD Robert Jeffress at the best online prices at eBay! http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. The British captured Kano in 1903. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. From January 1914 onwards, the newly united colony and protectorate was presided over by a proconsul, who was entitled the Governor-General of Nigeria. In 1890, a group of adventurers known as the Pioneer Column, sponsored by South African-based British arch-imperialist Cecil John Rhodes, occupied Zimbabwe and claimed the country for the British. Description. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. Rather than seeing themselves as Zulu, Xhoasa, Sotho, etc, nationalist leaders wanted Africans to view themselves as South Africans. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to Islamic ideals. . Reasons for the development of the slave trade - BBC Bitesize In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. The political parties jockeyed for positions of power in anticipation of the independence of Nigeria. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. The conference is popularly called "The Berlin Conference". The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. The choice of political elite at the time of independence can also explain these differences. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. In contrast, the British pursued comparatively limited settlement and institutional transformation in the more populous and more politically and economically developed preco-lonial areas. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. In 1851 deposed king Akintoye of Lagos sought British help in restoring him to the throne. The British Conquest and Resistance of Sokoto Caliphate, 18971903 Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. emblemhealth medicare customer service; did cody webster play college baseball 0 Home. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. 2. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. Thus Spain and Portugal set up colonies in Central and South America after it was discovered by Columbus. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. Seven Years' War | The Canadian Encyclopedia Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. necessitated by several factors. Birth of the Nigerian Colony Google Arts & Culture Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. The CMS pioneered trade on the Niger by encouraging Scottish explorer and merchant Macgregor Laird to run a monthly steamboat, which provided transportation for missionary agents and Sierra Leonean traders going up the Niger. by | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother Timeline of the British Empire - Historic UK Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. The history of external colonisation of Africa can be divided into two stages: Classical antiquity and European colonialism. The Norman conquest in 1066 was the last successful conquest of England. This led to protests known as Women's War. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". Hon. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. Segments of the Yoruba community had their own animosities and new rivalries arose. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). Free shipping for many products! Facebook Instagram Email. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. Durres Port. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria

Will And Nico Mpreg Fanfiction, Uptown Westerville Retail Space, Articles F